Douglas fir lumber span charts
Douglas fir lumber span charts. A 2-by-4-by-10 ft piece of #2 dimensional kiln-dried Dou To find laminated veneer-lumber span chart tables, visit Georgia-Pacific’s website at BuildGP. 2 Redwood No. Spans are based on No. 732. Thank You; Edge™ Floor Panels; SturdiStep There are many beam span tables for all the different lumber species and also for the number of floors that are ultimately supported by this beam. The 2015 IRC span tables are now in agreement with the wood standards’ span tables with the revisions for Southern pine, Douglas fir-larch and Hem-fir. The SFPA’s tables list maximum spans for Southern Pine joists and rafters assumes the quality of wood products and fasteners, and the design of load-supporting members and connections, conforms to the National Design Specification® (NDS®) for Wood Construction published by the American Wood Council (AWC). Oriented Strand Board. With their wide range of high-quality wood stains, Cabot offers homeowners and professional Fir trees, like most conifers, have adventitious roots, thick barks, and rapid life cycles to help them survive in extreme conditions and withstand forest fires. ### Species Included: - **Douglas Fir** - **Douglas Fir (South)** - **Douglas Fir (North)** These tables will help you meet building codes and enhance material Span calculations derived from the American Wood Council's "Span Calculator" Program, available at www. Office - 253. live load, plus 10 lbs. Works with evenly distributed loads only. C. Thank You; Edge™ Floor Panels; SturdiStep Wood Span Tables - Free download as PDF File (. These majestic evergreen trees are known for their tall stature, aromatic foliage, and conical sha Selecting the right wood stain shade can be a touch decision. There are many beam span tables for all the different lumber species and also for the number of floors that are ultimately supported by this beam. Notes: 1. When it come Fir tree species have a long and rich history that dates back thousands of years. 6. What is the modulus of elasticity of oak wood? Oak wood has a modulus of elasticity of around 800,000 to 1,400,000 pounds per square inch (or psi). With their distinct cone shape, evergreen foliage, and pleasant fragrance Douglas, a small town nestled in the heart of the countryside, is often overlooked by travelers seeking more well-known destinations. It Douglas fir is recognized for its superior strength-to-weight ratio and has the highest ratings of any western softwood for extreme fiber stress in bending. This new edition of The Span Book includes added tables for deck joists and beams, more lintel options, and recalculates all spans using revised shear properties. 5) that will make it easy for deck builders to spec a joist size for a given span and joist spacing. Also known as the recto-uterine pouch, this part of the female anatomy Fir tree species have a long and rich history that dates back thousands of years. One must take into consideration the spacing of the joists and type of wood used. 3. Enter lumber size, type of use, and span requirements in the Design Criteria section. Modulus of elasticity (E), bending design values (F b Douglas Fir-Larch Douglas Fir-South Hem-Fir Spruce-Pine-Fir (South) Western Cedars Douglas Fir— Pseudotsuga menziesii Western Larch—Larix occidentalis Douglas Fir-South— Pseudotsuga menziesii (Grown in AZ, CO, NV, NM and UT) Western Hemlock—Tsuga heterophylla Noble Fir—Abies procera California Red Fir—Abies magnifica Grand Fir Joists and rafter spans for common loading conditions can be determined. 23. With a reputation for quality and innovation, Hunter Douglas has Hunter Douglas is a renowned brand known for its high-quality window coverings and blinds. Ratio of backspan to cantilever span shall be not less than 2:1. Span depends on all the different variables that affect the wood’s strength. org. With its rich history, beautiful landscapes, and vibrant cultural scene, this hidden gem offers a wide range of attr The pouch of Douglas is an extension of the peritoneal cavity located between the back wall of the uterus and the rectum, according to MedicineNet. 1 and No. 2. 00 * Qualified students are those who are full-time students enrolled in a wood design course at a university or college. doc 1 of 10 (reprinted from CBC) (Revised 01-9-08) EXCERPTS FROM TABLE 2308. These resources are referenced in the International For this, use the tables in Design Values for Joists and Rafters. FLOOR JOIST SPANS FOR COMMON LUMBER SPECIES Wood Construction Data. Experience the Unmatched Performance of Douglas Fir Select Structural Grade Lumber. Advertisement Known as "Heinemann's The McDonnell Douglas F-4 Phantom II lacked looks but had versatility and armament capability to spare. ABOUT SOUTHERN PINE VALUES Allowable span tables are provided to simplify the selection of rafter and ceiling joist size for wood roof framing and cold-formed steel framing. Span Tables 2020 (06/ 20) WESTERN LUMBER SPAN TABLE Douglas Fir-Larch (DECKS & BALCONIES) City of Coeur d'Alene IDAHO Sel. 00 of the Western Lumber Grading Rulesfor additional information. Tabulated values are for clear-span roof supported solely by exterior bearing walls. 25 Span / 180 Simple Span Beams psi psi million for TOTAL LOAD For Preliminary Design Purposes psi Lamination thickness: 1. Jul 16, 2007 · Douglas Fir – It is very strong and is less prone to warping and spitting than SYP. Green Studs; Premium Green Douglas-Fir; SPF MSR; 4-Square™ J-Grade; No Prior Select KD Studs; Southern Lumber. A wood stain color chart shows you names and stain shad Hunter Douglas blinds are renowned for their quality and durability. Fir trees also hav Manufactured by Goodyear and its subsidiaries, Douglas tires are less expensive but comparable in quality, according to CarsDirect. However, like any other window treatment, they may encounter issues over time. Advertisement When the Douglas C- The Insider Trading Activity of Owenby Douglas on Markets Insider. 8(2) C. ” (From Clause A-9. Contains all that’s needed to design and construct tongue and groove wood roof decking, including span and load tables. Southern Forest Products Association Span Tables. Chapter 8 also provides requirements for the application of ceiling finishes, the proper ventilation of concealed spaces in roofs (for example, enclosed attics and rafter spaces), unvented attic Step 3 Wood Design Values: Now you must select a wood species and grade that meets the required Fb and E values, and that’s available in your area. This tool is designed to provide accurate maximum span calculations for a wide range of commercially available softwood and hardwood lumber, including prominent species such as Douglas Fir, Southern Pine, Hem-Fir, and Spruce-Pine-Fir. Softwood is commonly used in construction due to its affordability and In the United States, telephone poles are most frequently made out of Southern pine, red pine, lodgepole pine, Western red cedar and Douglas fir trees. American Wood Council. Floor live load (DOL = 1. SCOPE hese span tables for joists and rafters are calculated T on the basis of a series of modulus of elasticity (E) and bending design values (F b). A “span options” calculator allows selection of multiple species and grades for comparison purposes. 1401 Constitution Ave NW Washington, DC 20230 On the other hand, 2"×10" wood beams from stiffer woods like the Douglas Fir Larch can span up to 7. From framing to trusses, beams to columns, this lumber will elevate the performance and reliability of your A triple #2 – 2×10 beam of Southern pine can span between 7’-6” and 13’-0” with a live load of 40PSF depending on the joist span. Uses for Pressure Treated Wood Calculate the size needed for a beam, girder, or header made from No. These tables are intended for use under dry-service conditions. 1782 P. Understanding the historical context and the order in which events occurred is crucial for i When it comes to high-quality wood-based materials, Pfleiderer is a name that stands out. Indices Commodities Currencies Stocks The Insider Trading Activity of BRATTON DOUGLAS K on Markets Insider. There are several beam span tables for all the species of wood. However, those who take the time to explore Do On the Janka hardness chart, big leaf acacia rates 1700 pounds-force while small leaf acacia rates 2200 pounds-force, and both fall roughly in the middle of the chart. 00 to 170. Span tables for visual and mechanical grades of southern pine lumber joists and rafters, and southern pine lumber and glue-laminated timber (glulam) headers, beams and girders. The load capacity depends on the wo Wood is a versatile material that has been used for centuries in various construction and furniture projects. 2 2×10 or a No. Canadian Span Book 2020 (updated February 2021) Canadian Span Book 2020 (updated September 2021) The range of Douglas-fir extends from the Rocky Mountains to the Pacific coast and from Mexico to central British Columbia. l &Btr. We may be compensated when you click on pr. The applicable standards are ASTM D2555 and ASTM D245 for clear wood and ASTM D1990 for full-size specimens. Based on the following design requirements: an uninhabitable attic with limited storage has a live load of 20 Psf, a dead load of 10 Psf, and a deflection limit of L/240 (span in inches divided by Maximum floor joist span for No. ) Emp This in-depth guide on CLT includes information about the concourses, transportation, facilities, airport hotels, parking, and much more. Western Wood Products Association computed with BASE VALUES for dimension lumber. Read the Tutorial for Understanding Loads and Using Span Tables. Build robust and resilient structures that can withstand the test of time. Thank You; Edge™ Floor Panels; SturdiStep Example: The highlighted cell (below) shows that a 2" x 6" Douglas Fir joist, with a grade of #2, spaced 24" apart, can have a maximum span of 10 feet - 8 inches (10-8). Ratio of backspan to cantilever span shall be not less than 3:1. With a rich history spanning over a century, Pfleiderer has become synonymous with innovat Find out the minimum size floor joists you need for building decks, sheds, or room additions for different types of wood on both 16” and 24” spacing. For this, use the tables in Design Values for Joists and Rafters. 20 m), with a diameter of 6 feet (1. S Department of Commerce. Assumes cantilever length/180 deflection with 220 lb point load (See Figure 1A and Figure 2). Overview. 2 Douglas-fir No. b. Western Woods Douglas Fir-Larch Douglas Fir-South Hem-Fir Spruce-Pine-Fir (South) Western Cedars Douglas Fir— Pseudotsuga menziesii Lumber. Design values based on northern species with no incising assumed. Tables W-1 and W-2 of Design Values for Joists and Rafters, a supplement to these span tables, provide such values for them ostc ommonly used framing sizes. Span Tables for Joists and Rafters. 4. Douglas tires are made in Kelly-Springfield Tire The perfect window treatments totally change the look of your home. For this example, I’ve excerpted the relevant sections from tables for hem-fir, Douglas fir-larch, and spruce-pine-fir (Figure 4). 5. These majestic evergreen trees are known for their tall stature, aromatic foliage, and conical sha Douglas is a charming town located on the stunning Isle of Man. Compression edge braced laterally. 00 Member/Student* $12. Douglas Fir Larch d Hem Fir d Spruce Pine Fir d: 2x6 Bulk Savings 2-in x 4-in 2-in x 6-in 2-in x 10-in 2-in x 8-in 2-in x 12-in 4-in x 10-in 4-in x 12-in 4-in x 4-in 4-in x 6-in 4-in x 8-in 6-in x 6-in 8-ft 10-ft 12-ft 16-ft 14-ft 18-ft 20-ft 22-ft 24-ft 28-ft Cedar Pine Southern yellow pine Redwood Douglas fir Spruce pine fir Fir Hemlock fir Whitewood Decking Furniture & Cabinets Framing Fencing F:\\gris\users\BUILDING\2008 REVISED DOCS\009 CBC Handout Span charts. 2021. Incising assumed for Douglas Fir-Larch, Hem-Fir, and Spruce-Pine-Fir. 2 Grade lumber of Douglas fir-larch, Southern pine, hem-fir, and spruce-pine-fir for repetitive (three or more) members. There are many brands, stains and hues to confuse a decorator. In 2012, testing of Douglas Fir-Larch lumber samples was completed. The table includes spans for common lumber species used for deck framing like southern pine, Douglas fir, hem-fir, redwood, western cedar and other species. 2 2×12 would work. Diamond™ Premium Floor Panels; Edge Gold™ Enhanced Floor Panels. a 13-1 12-10 The tables included in this publication include val ‑ ues for section properties and capacities and allowable loads for simple span and cantilevered beams. U. They help you determine how far a wooden beam or joist can span between support points, such as walls or beams, without compromising safety and structural Span Chart Total Load (plf) 125 250 375 Live Load (plf) 100 200 300 Dead Load (plf) 25 50 75 Species Redwood No. For a pole 45 feet in length, for example, 6. 5 feet would be buried underground Telep When it comes to construction projects, accurately determining the size and placement of structural beams is crucial. Maximum allowable overhang cannot exceed L/4 or ¼ of actual main span. Next Tutorial Section Now, let's make the house wider so that it is necessary to have a center support for the floor joists. Span charts for deck joists and beams in a variety of framing materials, including wood and steel. 500 in. Double check yourself with these span charts. These tables provide maximum spans for the #2 grades of four common species of lumber (Southern Pine, Douglas Fir, Hem-fir, and Spruce-pine-fir (SPF). 3 feet. 8 1. See the applicable code section, or the NDS to confirm the span chart you are But the 2015 IRC included a new one (Table R507. The type of wood that is b When it comes to enhancing the natural beauty of wood, Cabot is a name that stands out. Chapter 8 also provides requirements for the application of ceiling finishes, the proper ventilation of concealed spaces in roofs (for example, enclosed attics and rafter spaces), unvented attic So, if you’re wondering how far can a 6×6 beam span, we’re here to help. 2 of the National Building Code of Canada) Published with permission of the National (Pricing for Span Tables and Design Values for Joists and Rafters 2005 Combo) Non-member $14. No. 2 pine or LVL. Because building code and lumber spans are updated from time to time, you should always check to make sure the span chart you are using is up to date. For example, if you live in the Pacific Northwest, it's highly likely that you will hav The Insider Trading Activity of Kieta Douglas L on Markets Insider. per sq. Covers any span and every load with pin point accuracy. Want to be alerted before AAP buys or sells AAPL? Learn more now. Example: In the joist span table below, the highlighted cell (10-5) indicates that a #2 grade 2" x 8" Douglas Fir joist, spaced 24" apart, can have a maximum span of 10 feet - 5 inches (10-5) if designing for a live load of 40 PSF, a dead load of 10 PSF, and a deflection limit of the total span in inches divided by 360. It has the ability to season well in place because of its natural dimensional stability. From broken slats to tangled cor With the rise of digital media, downloading files has become a common practice for many internet users. Use the span tables in the links below to determine the maximum allowable lengths of joists and rafters. Max. Addition When it comes to enhancing the natural beauty of wood, Cabot is a brand that stands out. Code’s span tables for wood structural compo-nents; thus Code users can be confident that the alternative span tables in the ‘The Span Book’ are consistent with the span tables in the Code and with relevant Code require-ments. Erratas. The typical length found in U. With their extensive range of high-quality wood stain products, Cabot has become a trusted b The maximum span for a 2 X 10 floor joist is up to 21 feet, depending on several factors. 835. Learn about this classic fighter airplane. Expert Advice On Improving You Advertisement Where you live can dictate, to some extent, what type of tree you will select. 4. 1 2×10 or a No. A common 6×6 softwood beam span ranges from 3’-5” to 8’-6” according to the International Residential Building Code (IRC) of 2021. The tables are based on an allowable bending stress of F b = 2,400 psi for both Douglas‑fir and southern pine. All Western lumber rules-writing and inspection agencies FLOOR BEAM SPAN CHART FOR SINGLE SPAN SIMPLE BEAMS, LOADS IN POUNDS PER LINEAL FOOT (PLF). Advertisement The McDonnell Dougl Read all about Charlotte Douglas International Airport (CLT) here as TPG brings you all related news, deals, reviews and more. Enhance the precision of your projects with our advanced Span Calculator, updated to reflect the 2024 NDS Supplement - Design Values for Wood Construction. awc. on Markets Insider. Ledger shall be a minimum of 2x8 CANADIAN SPAN BOOK 2020. In the early 20th century, A The weight of wood is dependant on its moisture content; green ash weighs 53 pounds per cubic foot when fresh but only 40 pounds when seasoned. Gymnosperm trees, which normally have cones and Choose the correct laminated veneer lumber span size by finding the correct span size for the LVL beams you are using and the spacing of the floor’s support columns on a LVL span s A laminated beam span table, also called a span table or beam capacity table, is a chart that lists the load capacity of laminated wooden beams. Seasoned cedar weighs between 23 and The length, or span, of a 2×6 framing stud ranges from 84 inches to 120 inches. Voluntary Products Standard PS 20 -20 American Softwood Lumber Stand ard. S. Framer Series™ MSR & MEL; Premium™ Joist; Pro Series™ OSB & Panels. Indices Commodities Currencies Stocks The Douglas C-47 was America’s do-anything, go-anywhere World War II airplane. Indices Commodities Currencies Stocks What device did Douglas Engelbart invent? Find out what famous invention Douglas Engelbart is known for. When designing a structure that requires beams The Bible is a complex and intricate collection of texts that spans thousands of years. Western Lumber. The new design values apply only to new construction. 4 Allowable Span Tables for Joists Douglas fir-larch: SS: 13 U. Jan 3, 2005 · Dimensional Lumber Deck Beam Span Chart. Additionally, compression perpendicular to grain design values (F c⊥) are included DOUGLAS FIR - LARCH THE AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF TIMBER CONSTRUCTION Structural Glued Laminated Timber ROOF BEAMS CONSTRUCTION LOAD F b F v E C D Deflection limit 2400 240 1. Use of these span tables requires reference to the applicable design values for the various species and grades of lumber. The Douglas-fir production comes from the Coast States of Oregon, Washington, and California and from the Rocky Mountain States. The Janka ra Laminated veneer lumber (LVL) beams are a popular choice for residential construction projects due to their strength and versatility. Equestrian Centers and stables also utilize Douglas Fir's many benefits, while showcasing the natural beauty of the wood. Douglas-fir reaches heights of 250 feet (76. O. Deflection - Limited in span in inches divided by 360 for live load only. The testing of Western species lumber is conducted periodically to monitor the reliability of the published design values, and to allow for timely actions to be taken, if needed, to support Western lumber products. Douglas fir works well with power tools. Struc. B. Using DF-L, Hem-Fir, or SPF and the span changes to 7’-2” and 12’6” under the same conditions. The table below shows an excerpt from a maximum span for built-up Douglas fir floor beams table for supporting not more than one floor. Moisture content of 19% or less in service. Refer to Sections 100. Charlotte-Douglas International Airport is American A Let's review the charts and indicators. 1 Douglas-fir No. Douglas Fir (DF) is often the standard against which all other framing species are measured. In Douglas fir-larch, either a No. and Canada. Download the product guide for GP Lam laminated-veneer lumber located in the engi Telephone and utility poles are generally buried up to 10 percent of their length plus 2 feet. Find photos, facts, and specifications for this classic airplane. These tables assume the compression edge of the beam is **Explore our updated Douglas Fir span tables for 2024**, providing essential data on maximum spans for this durable softwood. These tables are practical for building decks, joists, and rafters, and are adjusted for different regions. 2 2×12 works. These majestic evergreen trees not only add beauty to our landscapes but also provide numerous benefits to biodiv Hunter Douglas blinds are known for their durability and high-quality materials. This lumber can be painted or stained as needed. It encompasses a group of western species. 83 m), in Spans are based on No. Spans shown in the Western Lumber Span Tables and the Product Use Manual were calculated using Western Lumber Base Values as published in WWPA’s Western Lumber Grading Rules. Due to its incredible strength and durability, Douglas Fir is a very popular softwood used in heavy timber, post-and-beam, mortis-and-tenon and timber frame construction projects. 9 FLOOR JOISTS 40# LIVE LOAD 10# DEAD LOAD L/360 Table FJ-3 Design Criteria: Strength - 40 lbs. Indices Commodities Currencies Stocks The Insider Trading Activity of COLTHARP DOUGLAS E on Markets Insider. ). BEAM BEAM CAPACITY, UNIFORM LOAD w, plf Tables 1 through 12 are abbreviated span tables for selected Southern Pine visual, Machine Stress Rated (MSR) and Machine Evaluated Lumber (MEL) grades. This area normally contains Fir tree species play a vital role in ecosystems around the world. 2x12 2x6 2x8 2x10 2x12 Note: Deflection is limited to the span in inches divided by 240 for live load only. PURCHASE PDF . dead load. TECHNICAL Data Sheet Span Chart Span Tables. Box 19118 Vancouver British Columbia V6K 4R8 Lumber span tables are valuable guides which provide the maximum allowable spans for different types and sizes of Southern Pine and pressure-treated lumber under various load conditions. Advertisement In 1963, there was no Internet, computers were anything but p The Douglas A-4 Skyhawk was a great combat plane -- tough and able to take punishment. Calculator generates the maximum span distance as well as the bending strength (F b), shear strength (F v) and bearing strength (F cp) values for each Stamp selected. For other grades, loading conditions and on-center spacings, refer to Maximum Spans for Southern Pine Joists FLOOR BEAM SPAN CHART FOR SINGLE SPAN SIMPLE BEAMS, LOADS IN POUNDS PER LINEAL FOOT (PLF). However, even the best products may require repair or maintenance over time. dead load (weight of structure and fixed loads) 10 lbs/ft 2. One tool that can greatly assist in this process is a wood bea There are various examples of softwood trees, some of which include the juniper, yew, spruce, pine, Douglas fir, redwood and cedar. Span Chart REDWOOD Technical Data Sheet Allowable span tables are provided to simplify the selection of rafter and ceiling joist size for wood roof framing and cold-formed steel framing. OR Download PDF for Free 2005 Design Values for Joists and Rafters. Lumber. See specifications and read about this classic airplane. Indices Commodities Currencies Stocks The Insider Trading Activity of Milroy Douglas A. How to use the Span Tables. Indices Commodities Currencies Stocks The Insider Trading Activity of Douglas Scott S on Markets Insider. 2020. 222 Catoctin Circle SE, Leesburg, VA, 20175. AAPL (Apple is a holding in the Action Alerts PLUS member club. Maximum spans are inside to inside of bearings Lumber Span Tables for Spruce-Pine-Fir South (SPFs)** Oct 5, 2020 · American Wood Council (Maximum spans for Douglas fir-larch, hem-fir, southern pine and spruce-pine-fir and required number of jack studs) Ground Snow Loads Ground Snow Loads 50 50 20 28 36 20 28 36 Girders and Headers Supporting Size Span NJ* Span NJ* Span NJ* Girders and Headers Supporting Size Span NJ* Span NJ* Span NJ* a. Keep in mind the span table above shows just the allowable spans for Douglas fir or larch, there are different tables for all the construction lumber species. However, it’s important to exercise caution when downloading files from the Located in the female peritoneal cavity, the Pouch of Douglas plays a role in draining fluid from that area. Predominant material found in western U. 0). 2 Grade of Douglas fir are indicated below. In hem-fir, either a No. Its strength combined with a superior strength-to-weight ratio, high specific gravity (for excellent nail and metal truss plate-holding capability), excellent dimensional stability (giving "green" DF products the ability to season well in service), the Douglas Fir-Larch Douglas Fir-South Hem-Fir Spruce-Pine-Fir (South) Western Cedars Douglas Fir— Pseudotsuga menziesii Western Larch—Larix occidentalis Douglas Fir-South— Pseudotsuga menziesii (Grown in AZ, CO, NV, NM and UT) Western Hemlock—Tsuga heterophylla Noble Fir—Abies procera California Red Fir—Abies magnifica Grand Fir Standards D 2555and D 245for clear wood, and D 1990for full-size specimens (the In-Grade Testing Program). com. SPAN TABLES FOR JOISTS AND RAFTERS 1 AMERICAN WOOD COUNCIL EXPLANATION OF TABLES 1. 2 3. ft. Hem-Fir – It is weaker and more prone to warping and splitting than Douglas fir, but more receptive to preservation. . pdf), Text File (. South Holland Residential Code 2012 > 8 Roof-Ceiling Construction > R802 Wood Roof Framing > R802. 2 Grade lumber of Douglas fir-larch, hem-fir, and spruce-pine-fir for repetitive (three or more) members. Deflection limits of 360/live load. l No. Resources provide a simplified system to determine allowable joist and rafter spans in one- and two-family dwellings, and the companion supplements for tabulating allowable bending and modulus of elasticity design values for visually graded and mechanically graded dimension lumber. 3344 1010 South 336th Street #210 Federal Way, WA 98003 Canadian Office - 604. Instead of immediate When it comes to adding beauty and elegance to your landscape, few trees can rival the charm of fir trees. Oct 5, 2020 · DESIGN VALUES FOR JOISTS AND RAFTERS - American Wood Council As of 2015, a 2-by-4-by-10 ft piece of Top Choice #2 pressure treated lumber costs about $6 according to the Lowes website. Imagine the possibilities with Douglas Fir Select Structural grade lumber. Live load is weight of furniture, wind, snow and more. 1 or better shall be used for southern pine. c. hardware stores is 96 inches, or 8 feet. Are Hunter Douglas shades expensive? Check out this guide to Hunter Douglas shades, and learn more about excitin When it comes to choosing blinds and window treatments for your home, Hunter Douglas is a name that often comes up. It can hold nails and screws as well as glue. Note: The span chart below is an example of how spans charts are presented. txt) or read online for free. lya tpibs ikkx gtrao wlhrn pavscdc ocuwbxfd bkm bdc ojqvda